Curriculum in the UK essays

Curriculum in the UK essays The national curriculum has been criticized and continually revised since its inception in 1988. Brought about by the governmental pressures away from comprehensivism and toward the marketplace, the national curriculum was met with immediate criticism. The national curriculum was extensively modified in the years after 1988, moving curriculum decisions away from teachers and toward the government, based on largely political, rather than educational motives. Overall, while a national curriculum can potentially provide a number of benefits, the national curriculum of 1988 Before delving too deeply into the issue of the national curriculum, it is important to understand the purpose and content of curriculum. Curriculum can be defined as: "A structured plan of intended learning outcomes, underpinning knowledge, skills, behaviour and associated learning experiences. The learning plan is generally organised as a sequenced combination of modules so that a student can achieve specified educational and training outcomes. The curriculum includes the syllabus, teaching guides, an assessment guide and required learning resources" (TAFE NSW). A number of events and trends led up to the advent of the national curriculum in 1988. During the 1960s, there had been a move in the country toward comprehensivism in schools that soundly defeated by the mid-1980s. At the same time, conservative politicians called for a curriculum that focused on core competencies like reading writing and arithmetic, and was driven by the market place. Further, the governments prior to the mid- 1980s worked hard to dramatically reduce the powers of Local Education Authorities (LEAs) (Gillard; Education in England). Together, these trends paved the way for the planning and implementation of the national It is important to consider that Margaret Thatcher had been education secretary as 1970, when...

Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt Biography

Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt Biography Hatshepsut (Hatshepsowe), one of the rare women pharaohs of Egypt, had a long and successful reign marked by remarkable building projects and lucrative trading expeditions. She campaigned in Nubia (perhaps not in person), sent a fleet of ships to the land of Punt, and had an impressive temple and mortuary complex built in the Valley of the Kings. Hatshepsut was the half-sister and wife of Thutmose II (who died after only a few years on the throne). Hatshepsuts nephew and stepson, Thutmose III, was in line for the throne of Egypt, but he was still young, and so Hatshepsut took over. Being a woman was an obstacle, although a Middle Kingdom female pharaoh, Sobekneferu/Neferusobek, had ruled before her, in the 12th dynasty, so Hatshepsut had precedent. After her death, but not immediately. her name was erased and her tomb destroyed. The reasons continue to be debated. Occupation Ruler Dates and Titles Hatshepsut lived in the 15th century B.C. and ruled in the early part of the 18th Dynasty in Egypt the period known as the New Kingdom. The dates of her rule are variously given as 1504-1482, 1490/88-1468, 1479-1457, and 1473-1458 B.C. (according to Joyce Tyldesleys Hatchepsut). Her reign dates from the start of Thutmose III, her stepson, and nephew, with whom she was co-regent. Hatshepsut was pharaoh or king of Egypt for about 15-20 years. The dating is uncertain. Josephus, quoting Manetho (the father of Egyptian history), says her reign lasted about 22 years. Before becoming pharaoh, Hatshepsut had been Thutmose IIs main or Great Royal Wife. She had not produced a male heir, but he did have sons by other wives, including Thutmoses III. Family Hatshepsut was the oldest daughter of Tuthmose I and Aahmes. She married her half-brother Thutmose II when their father died. She was the mother of Princess Neferure. Other Names WosretkauMaat-ka-reKhnemetamun Hatshepsut Feminine or Masculine Appearance of Hatshepsut A fascinating New Kingdom ruler, Hatshepsut is depicted in a short kilt, a crown or head cloth, a collar and a false beard (Tyldesley, p.130 Hatchepsut). One limestone statue shows her without a beard and with breasts, but usually, her body is masculine. Tyldesley says a childhood depiction presents her with male genitalia. The pharaoh seems to have appeared female or male as need dictated. The pharaoh was expected to be a male in order to maintain the right order of the world Maat. A female upset this order. Besides being male, a pharaoh was expected to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people and be fit. Hatshepsuts Athletic Skill Wolfgang Decker, an expert on sport among the ancient Egyptians, says that at the Sed festival, pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, made a circuit of the pyramid complex of Djoser. The pharaohs run had 3 functions: to demonstrate the pharaohs fitness after 30 years in power, to make a symbolic circuit of his territory, and to symbolically rejuvenate him.[Source: Donald G. Kyle. Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World] It is worth noting that the mummified body, thought to be that of the female pharaoh, was middle-aged and obese. Deir El-bahri (Deir El Bahari) Hatshepsut had a mortuary temple known and without hyperbole as Djeser-Djeseru Sublime of the Sublimes. It was built of limestone at Deir el-Bahri, near where she had her tombs built, in the Valley of the Kings. The temple was primarily dedicated to Amun (as a garden to her so-called [divine] father Amun), but also to the gods Hathor and Anubis. Its architect was Senenmut (Senmut) who may have been her consort and seems to have predeceased his queen. Hatshepsut also restored Amuns temples elsewhere in Egypt. Sometime after Hatshepsuts death, all temple references to her were chiseled off. For more information on this temple, see Archaeology Guide Kris Hirsts The Cache at Deir el-Bahri - Hatshepsuts Palace in Egypt. Hatshepsuts Mummy In the Valley of the Kings is a tomb, called KV60, that Howard Carter found in 1903. It contained 2 badly damaged mummies of women. One was of Hatshepsuts nurse, Sitre. The other was an obese middle-aged woman about 51 tall with her left arm across her chest in a royal position. Evisceration had been performed through her pelvic floor instead of the normal side cut because of her obesity. Sitres mummy was removed in 1906, but the obese mummy was left. American Egyptologist Donald P. Ryan rediscovered the tomb in 1989. It has been suggested that this mummy is that of Hatshepsut and that it was removed to this tomb from KV20 either following a robbery or to protect her from the attempted obliteration of her memory. Egypts Minister of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass, believes a tooth in a box and other DNA evidence proves this is the body of the female pharaoh. Death The cause of Hatshepsuts death, according to a New York Times article from June 27, 2007, citing Zahi Hawass, is thought to be bone cancer. She also appears to have been diabetic, obese, with bad teeth, and about 50-years-old. The body of the pharaoh was identified by a tooth. Sources Chronicle of the Pharaohs, by Peter A. Clayton; Thames Hudson: 1994.Silent Images: Women in Pharaonic Egypt, by Zahi HawassHatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh,  by Joyce A. Tyldesley

LMX Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LMX Theory - Essay Example He or she may have a quality relationship with other subordinates of the group that could be characterized by warmth, trusting and open that could make followers group and could also have poor relationship with others that could characterized by coldness and suspicion which makes the followers hold back. It is the leader who initiates the relationship and through this exchange, could influence the degree of a subordinate’s relationship that could make them an in-group or an out-group. Leaders have close subordinates and are considered the in-group and their role in the group can be elevated to the degree of â€Å"trusted lieutenant† (Lunenburg, 2010 pg. 2). In effect, in-groups would be able to have greater latitude and influence in the process of decision making and enjoys the open communication from the leader. He or she may be given bigger responsibilities and more benefits to enjoy. The out-group members on the other hand are supervised according to the formality of their employment. The leader exercise his or her leadership not through the quality of relationship as enjoyed by those in the in-group but rather by the implicit relationship between a leader and a subordinate and exercises leadership as dictated by job function and does not extend beyond what is stated in the formalities of employment contracts. In sum, out-group members are treated as regular employees and only do what they are supposed to do as employees. The Leader-Member Exchange posits that relationships between leaders and subordinates go through the stages of role-taking, role making to routinization. Role-taking is the first stage when the manager’s first assesses the new member’s skills and other abilities as he or she joins the group. Role-making then follows where the leader assigns the new member either as part of in-group or out group. The members of the in-group are the trusted lieutenants of the leader whose relationships are characteristically positi ve. Often, they have the similar or share same personality with their manager. Out-group are those members who is outside the grace of the leader and whose job are not as rewarding as those who are in the in-group. The leader also deems those in the out-group as less capable. Finally, relationships are established in the routinization stage where the categorization of roles becomes self-fulfilling. In-group continues to work to maintain their status in the group where the managers delegates more responsibilities and groomed to advance in the corporate ladder while the out-groups receive casual treatment from the manager. II. Provide the results of your complemented questionnaire Score: 22 Low LMX: 20-24 III. Describe what you learned that you can apply to you leadership practice The exercise made me realized that my relationship with my leader falls into the category of low LMX. Our interconnectedness or dyad of relationship falls in the neutral and therefore, can be taken as based on the contractual nature of my employment. My leader is neither warm nor cold to me, nor trust or distrust me not initiates grand action that will make me believe him. It is basically grounded on the principle that if I do my job, I will be okay. Basically, my relationship to him is based on my job and falls on the out-group of LMX. This explains why I am not attached to the leader and to the organization because I felt that I am just an employee there whose

The Business Perspective of the Apple Company Term Paper

The Business Perspective of the Apple Company - Term Paper Example The brand value of the company is incomplete in today’s world. Effective use of technology provides the company with brand recognition, enabling it to stand out among its competitors. The collaborative work of its employees has paved the way for the success of the company, which follows a collaborative work culture. Apple Inc. is recognized as the biggest start-up in the world, formed by the efficient hands of Steve Jobs. There are frequent team meetings in each department in order to discuss the current business scenario, and the company values and encourages the participation of its team members in the decision-making processes. Apple has a reputation of valuing individuality and excellence that help in the company’s decision making (Apple Inc, 2012). Products/services and geographic scope Formerly named Apple Computer Inc., the company is an American multinational corporation which specializes in the design and sale of electronic goods and high-technology personal co mputers, along with computer software. The best-known products of the company are the Macintosh series of computers and the iPhone. In 2007, the company shifted from offering only computers towards making and selling consumer electronics. In terms of market capitalization, it is the largest public limited company. The company manages its business on a geographic basis, with five operating segments, in America, Japan, Europe, and some other regions. The operating segment offers similar hardware as well as software products (Datamonitor, 2009:3). Competitors Apple Inc operates its business in multiple industries, the main one of which is personal computers. Apart from this, the company produces software and consumer electronics. In the personal computer industry, Apple’s main competitors are IBM, Hewlett Packard, Dell Inc. etc. In the consumer electronics industry, the main market competitor is Samsung, which has a similar type of product on the market; Apple has also been faci ng competition in developing countries. Apple’s direct competitors are Google, Microsoft, and RIMM (Research in Motion Limited).

Nuremberg Laws against the Jews Essay Example for Free

Nuremberg Laws against the Jews Essay The Nuremberg Laws were aimed at preserving the purity of the German race. One of the intentions of the Nuremberg Laws was to provide for who was considered to be a Jew or what it meant to be a Jew. This paper therefore examines the Nuremberg Laws, with an aim of answering the comparative question of what it meant to be a Jew according to the laws. The Nuremberg Laws stemmed from the Nazi Racial Legislation of 1935, which was aimed at upholding the perceived Germanic racial superiority, and promoting it as such. According to Hoss (2013), the national identity in Nazi Germany was required to hold an extremely more superior race. As Stimson (2013) points out, the German racial superiority was expected to be free from the Jews’ contamination. Hoss (2013) points out that during Nazi Germany, the Germans were considered better than Jews, and so the former was required to act in a manner that annihilated the latter. It is for this reason that Nuremberg Laws were formulated to define the identity of the Jews and minimize their contamination of the perceived German racial superiority, all in the hope of safeguarding the German nation for the entire future and upholding the perceive purity of the German blood (Ward Gainty, 2011). Article 5 of the Nuremberg Laws provided an elaboration of who was to be considered as a Jew. For instance, under Article 5(1) of the Nuremberg Laws, a person was to be considered as a Jew if he or she was a descendant of at least three grandparents who were racially full Jews. Article 5(1) was to be read together with the second sentence of part 2 of Article 2 of the Nuremberg Laws. Article 5(2) of the Nuremberg Laws also provided that a person shall be considered as a Jew if both of his or her parents were full Jews (Ward Gainty, 2012, p. 332). Under the statute of these formed laws (i. e. the Nuremberg Laws), a person was deemed to have descended from two full Jewish parents, if (a) he or she was a member of the Jewish religious community at the time the Nuremberg Laws came to force, or joined the said community after the laws came into force; (b) he or she was in a marriage relationship with a Jew at the time the laws come into force or entered into such a marriage after the laws had come into force; (c) he or she was born to at least a Jewish parent in a manner provided under Section 1, and if the marriage from which he or she is an offspring was constructed consequent to the coming into force of the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor; and (d) he or she was an offspring an extramarital relationship, that involved a Jew, in the sense of Section 1, and was to be born outside wedlock after the 31st day of July, the year 1936 (Ward Gainty, 2012). Section 1 of the Nuremberg Laws prohibited any form of marriage relationship between German nationals or kindred blood and Jew. Such marriages were to be considered illegal and against section 1 of the Nuremberg Laws even if, for purposes of evading the law, they were concluded outside Nazi Germany. An individual who happened to be a Jew as provided under Article 5 of the Nuremberg Laws, and as has been explained highlighted in the previous paragraphs, was prohibited, under Section 1 of the Laws, from contracting any marriage relationship with a German national or kindred blood, whether within Nazi Germany or overseas (Ward Gainty, 2012,). Similarly, Section 2 of the said laws prevented any Jew from entering into any outside marriage with German nationals or kindred blood. According to Hoss (2013) this was aimed at protecting the superiority of the German nation and preserving the purity of the German blood by ensuring that no child of German origin was born outside wedlock, and worse still, with a Jewish parent, since the Jews were not expected to mingle with the German nationals. The Nuremberg Laws did not target the Jews within the context of marriage per se, but also sought to limit the rights of the Jews in terms of free and fair management of their households. For instance, under Section 3 of the Nuremberg Laws, no Jew was allowed to employ a female German national or kindred blood as a domestic worker (Ward Gainty, 2012). This was construed by Hoss (2013) as a way of preventing incidents of master-servant abuses (e. g. sexual abuse of female German national domestic servants by their Jewish masters), and which could, in some cases, lead to the breach of Section 2 of the laws. The Jews were also prohibited from associating with both the Reich and the German national flag. For instance, Section 4 of the Nuremberg Laws prohibited any Jewish person from hosting the Reich and/or national flag as well as hosting the colours of the Reich (Ward Gainty, 2012). The punishments that were to be meted against the Jews who were deemed to have acted in breach of sections 1-4 of the Nuremberg Laws varied in nature, and were provided under Section 5 of the laws. For instance, acting contrary to Section 1 of the laws attracted hard labour as punishment, whereas that who breached Section 2 of the said laws was liable for imprisonment or hard labour (Ward Gainty, 2012). Similarly, Section 5 of the laws provided that whoever (i. e. any Jew) was found to have acted contrary to the provisions of Sections 3 and 4 of the laws would be liable for imprisonment for a period of not more than 1 year, and with a fine or with one of the penalties provided thereof (Ward Gainty, 2012). In conclusion therefore, the Nuremberg Laws, when viewed from legal and moral perspectives, appear to be both illegal (especially in the context of international humanitarian law) and immoral, as they aimed at legalizing open discrimination against the Jews and denying members of the Jewish community the right to freedom of association and expression of free will. In addition, the supposed punishments for acting in breach of the various Sections of the laws were controversial, and so depended on the mood and attitude of whoever was presiding over as the ‘judge. ’ For instance, Section 5(3) of the laws fell short of defining what constituted a fine as a punishment for acting in breach of Sections 3 and 4 of the laws. The implication thereof is that a ‘judge’ may sometimes impose a fine that is not commensurate with the offence committed. References Hoss, R. (2013). â€Å"Memoirs. † Swerdloff, Howard. The World since 1924. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press. Stimson, H. L. (2013). The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. Swerdloff, Howard. The World since 1914. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press. Ward. D. W. , Gainty, D. (2011). Sources of World Societies vol II, since 1450. Second Edition (pp. 1-512). Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press. Ward. D. W. , Gainty, D. (2012). The Nuremberg Laws: The Centerpiece of Nazi Racial Legislation (331-333), in Sources of World Societies. Volume 2: Since 1450 (2nd Ed). Boston: Bedford.

the big accident :: essays research papers

One nice day in the summer my friends, Yvette, Katie, and Kristi, and I were heading up to the Lil Jon & The Eastside Boys concert. Everything was going fine. We made it up there with no problem, found the Excel Center. When we were parked we decided that we wanted to park closer, so I backed out and all of a sudden we heard a bang and my car wouldn’t start. We started freaking out, because we stuck up against this car I hit. We then asked some guys to help push it into a parking spot, when it was in neutral. Fifteen minutes later the guy came and saw his car and I went over and admitted to him what happened. So he called the cops and they came over and figured everything out. That night my parents found out what had happened and had to pay for it. After that accident happened I wasn’t able to buy a sound system for my car, I had to work more, and I couldn’t see my friends as much. These are big changes in my life that I didn’t think would happen at that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was not able to buy a sound system for my car, because I had to pay my parents back. I had over a thousand dollars in my account saved for a system and with it I was planning on buying an amp, subwoofers, and maybe speakers and a deck. Even though my car came with a subwoofer, Infinity speakers, and a cad player, I still wanted something bigger and better. I was sad that I had to give my money to my parents to help pay for the damage, because I didn’t expect to save up that much money to pay for an accident. I am now going to have to wait to save that money up again and buy them later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that I had to pay back my parents and still pay for my car I had to start working more. I already had an extremely busy schedule with dance, Youth in Government, and I was just going to start gymnastics. Having dance three days a week, meetings for Youth in Government every once in a while, and gymnastics made four days I couldn’t work in a week. Then having to put enough work in my rigorous schedule to pay back my parents would leave just enough time to do my homework.

Decision Making Evaluation Paper Essay

Re-organization and Layoff: Decision Making Evaluation Paper Management has many changes they adjust to daily. Some of the changes come from firing and lay-off employees. When these changes do take place they can change how the organization develops. Management will have to be able to handle change and still keep the organization developing in a positive direction. According to â€Å"Work Systems† (20150, â€Å"Selecting and implementing significant change is one of the most challenging undertakings that face an organization† (2015). It is vital to an organization to have properly trained management to handle these issues Recommendation from two creative solutions identified from week 4 Why the solution would help the middle income customer (credible sources) for support Business decision should make based on solution When an organization is considering layoffs the first thing they should do is decide whether the layoffs are necessary and can they do it legally. Then consider other resources for example, hiring freeze or no pay raises and promotions. They can also reduce authorized overtime, pay cuts, teleworking, and other cost cutting. Making sure you have solid legal grounds and have a legitimate business reason. Some other steps organizations can take are reviewing actual policies and past practices, check written personnel policies, check employment contracts, and review collective bargaining agreements. You can also consider offering severance or other termination benefits. By implementing some of these alternatives fewer works will question if a layoff is truly necessary. References Guerin, L. (n.d.). Making Layoff Decisions | Nolo.com. Retrieved January 31, 2015, from http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/making-layoff-decisions-29949.html Work Systems. (2015). Retrieved from httttp://worksystems.com/services/organizational_change.html

A Critical Evaluation of the Engagement and Psychosocial Asessment of a Client Living with Psychosis in the Health and Social Care Practitioners Work Setting.

INTRODUCTION This assignment is a critical evaluation of the engagement and psychosocial assessment of a client living with psychosis in the community. It provides a critical and analytical account which encapsulates assessments, psycho education, problem solving, implementation and evaluation of strategies used. I will also use Gibbs (1988) model of reflection to reflect on my assessment process and how learning can be taken forward in terms of my own practice development and that of the service setting. My client l shall call Emily a pseudo name used to maintain confidentiality in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) 2002 Code of Professional Conduct that outlines guidelines of confidentiality. Emily was initially on the acute ward where l started the process of engagement with her before she was discharged under our team in the community to facilitate early discharge. Emily was suitable for psychosocial based interventions (PSI) and this was identified as part of her care plan in order to provide support in adapting to the demands of community living and managing her illness. PSI should be an indispensable part of treatment and options of treatment should be made available for clients and their families in an effort to promote recovery. Those with the best evidence of effectiveness are Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and family intervention. They should be used to prevent relapse, to reduce symptoms, increase insight and promote adherence to medication, (NICE 2005). Emily is 33 year old woman with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. She was referred to my team to facilitate early discharge from the ward as part of her discharge. She lives in supported housing and had had several hospital admissions and some under the mental health act. Emily was being maintained in the community on medication but it was felt that there was still an amount of distress in her life and that her social functioning was suffering as a result. Emily presented with both delusional and hallucinatory symptoms and as part of her treatment cognitive approaches were considered to help alleviate the distress and modify the symptoms. Emily was brought up in a highly dysfunctional family. Both her parents had problems with drugs and the law. Emily had been introduced to drugs at an early age but due to her illness she had stopped using them at the age of 30 when she went into supported accommodation. There was family history of schizophrenia as her grandfather had it and he had killed himself. Emily identified that her problems started in 2007 when her grandfather passed away as she was close to him and had lived most of her life with her grandparents. I completed a time line to look back at while she talked about her life history (see Appendix 1). It is vital that the client is allowed to tell their story with the minimum intervention from the practitioner and the timeline can be used to examine if there are any links to their relapses and psychotic episodes (Grant et al 2004). In the community setting we have a variety of patients with different diagnosis of mental health problems. The rationale for choosing this patient is that she had had various interventions such as medication changes and a lot of experience with the mental health professionals including compulsory treatment under the mental health act (1983). All these factors are likely to have an impact on the individual’s degree of willingness to engage in psychological interventions (Nathan et al, 2003). Hence initially it was a challenge to engage Emily and establish a relationship and build rapport. (Nelson 1997) states rapport is built by showing interest and concern and be particularly careful not to express any doubts about what the patient tells you. The development of a therapeutic relationship is critically important in work with persons with schizophrenia, which maybe difficult with patients struggling with mistrust, suspicion and denial (Mhyr, 2004). Rapport took some time to develop and was established by core conditions of genuineness, respect and accurate empathy (Bradshaw 1995). I met with Emily to set the agenda and explained to her that she was free to terminate the session anytime should she feel it necessary. It was also vital to ensure that the sessions were neither confrontational and totally compliant with Emily’s view of the world ( Kingdom & Turkington, 1995) I encouraged Emily to describe her current problems and to give a detailed description of the problems and concentrate on a more recent problem. l was directive, active, riendly and used constructive feedback, containment of feelings to develop the relationship(Tarrier et al,1998). l used her interest in Christianity to engage her and because l showed an interest this became a regular point of conversation and strengthened the connection. I also demonstrated some flexibility in response to Emily’s needs and requirements at different stages of the t reatment and intervention. It is not possible to maintain a sound collaborative therapeutic relationship without constant attention to the changing situation and requirements of a patient (Gamble and Brennan, 2006). Since the development of antipsychotic medication and dominance of biomedical models during the 1950`s mental health care has changed and evolved. The dependency on the sole use of medication was found to have left patients with residual symptoms and social disability, including difficulty with interpersonal skills and limitation with coping (Sanford&Gournay, 1986). This prompted the return of PSI to be used in conjunction with medication management. The aim was to reduce residual disability and to include in the treatment process social skills and training rehabilitation (Wykes et al, 1998). As part of my assessment process l carried out a comprehensive assessment using CPA 1, 2, and 4 in conjunction with the Trust Policy. This was to establish what her problems were and formulate a clear plan. A process of structured, comprehensive assessment can be very useful in developing an in-depth understanding of issues surrounding resistance to services (Grant et al 2004). I carried out a Case Formulation (CS) using the 5W`s What? , Where? , When? , With Whom and Why, and Frequency, Intensity, Duration and Onset ( FIDO) model to explore and get a detailed explanation of the problem and explore the `Five aspects of your life experiences` (Greenberger and Padesky 1995) (see Appendix 3). CS maps out the relationship on how the environment impacts on your thoughts, emotion, behaviour, physical reactions (Greenberger and Padesky,1995). While the assessment helped to form a picture of Emily’s suitability for PSI it also provided a scope for further work on her coping skills. Given the assumption that a person may feel reluctant to give a particular way of coping as this maybe the only means of control (Gamble & Brennan, 2006), the exploration was collaborative. From the assessment and case formulation Emily’s goal was to go out more and reduce the frequency and intensity of her voices or even have them disappear. l explained to Emily that we had to be realistic about her set goals and having voices disappear was unlikely. Kingdom (2002) states that though patients desire to make voices disappear are unlikely since voices are, as far as reasonably established, attributions of thoughts as if they were external perceptions. Goals are positive, based in the future and specific (Morrison et al 2004) and the golden rule in goal setting is to be SMART, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Limited. Emily then rephrased her goal statement to that she wanted to reduce the intensity of her voices in the next few weeks by using distraction techniques that she had not tried before. I used the KGVM Symptom Scale version 7. 0 (Krawieka, Goldberg and Vaughn,1977) to assess Emily’s symptoms which focuses on six areas including anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts and behaviour, elevated mood, hallucinations and delusions. A KGV assessment provides a global measure of common psychiatric symptoms (feelings and thoughts) experienced with psychosis. The framework ensures that important questions are asked and a consistent measure of symptoms is provided. The KGV is a valid tool with a considered level of high reliability (Gamble and Brennan, 2006). Assessment is a process that elicits the presence of disease or vulnerability and a level of severity in symptoms (Birchwood & Tarrier, 1996). This gathering of information provides the bases to develop a plan of suitability of treatment, identifies problems and strengths and agree upon priorities and goals (Gamble & Brennan,2006). l also used the Social Functioning Scale (SFS appendix 6) (Birchwood et al,1990) which examined Emily’s social capability and highlighted any areas of concern. Emily was a loner and though living in supported accommodation she was hardly involved with the other residents or joined in with community activities. She expressed that she was afraid people could hear her voices and were judging her at all times and used avoidance as a coping strategy. On using the KGV assessment and from the results (see Appendix 2) Emily scored highly in four sections hallucinations, delusions, depression and anxiety. It appeared during assessment that her affective symptoms were econdary to her delusions and hallucinations, which were initiated and exacerbated by mostly stressful events in her life. Her hallucinations were noted to be evident at certain times and were followed by sleep deprivation. Emily expressed fleeting suicidal thoughts but denied having any plans or intentions. She also experienced sporadic moments of elation which appeared to be linked to stress. It was important for Emily to understand how life events had an impact on her difficulties an d the use of the Stress Vulnerability Model SVM (Zubin and Spring 1977) demonstrated this (see Appendix 4). Practical measures arising from an assessment of stress and vulnerability factors seek to reduce individual vulnerability, decrease unnecessary life stressors and increase personal resistance to the effects of stress. One of Emily’s highlighted problems was a lack of sleep and this could be linked to the stress vulnerability and her psychotic symptoms. Normalisation was used to illustrate this to Emily. Her increase in psychotic symptoms could then be normalised through discussing about the effects of sleep deprivation on her mental state and reduction of the associated anxiety. Emily was able to recognise how stress impacted on her psychosis. Emily identified the voices as a problem from the initial assessment. She was keen to talk about them but listened to suggestions l made to tackle the voices. The assumption of continuity between normality and psychosis has important clinical implications. It opens the way for a group of therapeutic techniques that focus on reducing the stigma and anxiety often associated with the experience of psychotic symptoms and with diagnostic labelling. Kingdom and Turkington(2002) have described such approaches as normalising strategies, which involve explaining and demystifying the psychotic experience. They may involve suggesting to patients that their experiences are not strange and no one can understand, but are common to many people and even found amongst people who are relatively normal and healthy. Normalising strategies can help instil hope and decrease the stigma and anxiety which can be associated with the experience of psychotic symptoms. This rationale emphasises the biological vulnerability to stress of individuals with schizophrenia and the importance of identifying stresses and improving methods of coping with stress in order to minimise disabilities associated with schizophrenia (Yusupuff & Tarrier, 1996). (Grant et al 2004). The problem l encountered when applying and using this model with Emily was that she realised and understood that she was not the only one experiencing voices but she wanted to find out why she experienced the voices. I used the belief about voices questionnaire (BAVQ-R appendix 5) which assesses malevolent and benevolent beliefs about voices, and emotional and behavioural responses to voices such as engagement and resistance (Morrison et al 2004). We identified the common triggers of her voices such as anxiety, depression and social isolation. During my engagement with Emily l emphasized enhancing existing coping strategies (Birchwood& Tarrier, 1994); (Romme &Escher 2000). The idea was to build on Emily’s existing coping methods and introduce an alternative. We agreed upon distraction as a coping strategy. The plan was for Emily to listen to music or carryout breathing exercises when the disturbing voices appear and to start interacting with them by telling them to go away rather than shout at them. Emily used this plan with good effect at most times as it appeared to reduce the psychological arousal and helped her gain maximum usage of these strategies in controlling the symptom (Tarrier et al, 1990). To tackle Emily’s social functioning we identified activities that she enjoyed doing and she enjoyed going to church but had stopped due to her fears that people could hear her thoughts and found her weird. I suggested that she could start with small exposure, like sitting in the lounge with her fellow residence and going on group outings in the home as these were people she felt comfortable with as she knew them. This would then hopefully lead to Emily increasing her social functioning and enable her to attend church. Emily expressed that she felt more in control of her voices REFLECTION My work with Emily was made easy as she agreed to work with me although l did face some reluctance initially. As my intervention and engagement with Emily started while she was on the ward this made it easier for me to engage her in the community. We developed good rapport and she felt she could trust me, which made the process of engagement easier. Through my engagement and assessment process l improved on my questioning and listening skills. Emily was clearly delusional at times and working with the voices present proved a challenge at times, but l realised that l had to work collaboratively with her and gain her trust and not question her beliefs. At times though l felt l was interrogating her and did not follow a format and also because of the constraints on time l did not allow much time to recap and reflect and could never properly agree the time of next meeting. I also worked at her existing strengths and coping strategies that she had adapted throughout her life and this empowered her and made her feel like she was contributing. At times though l felt we deviated from the set goals and l lost control of sessions. On reflection this is an area that l will need to develop and improve on and be able to deviate but bring back the focus to the agreed plan. My interventions were aimed at Emily’s voices and increasing her social functioning. This l discovered was my target areas and not necessarily Emily’s. n future l will aim at concentrating more on what the client perceives as their major problem as this will show client involvement in their care. This will also help me have a clear and rational judgement and appreciate every improvement the client makes no matter how small. I did not focus much on Emily’s family which l realised was a topic that she wanted to explore but l felt l was not equipped in exploring this part of her life in relation to her illness. The other difficulties l faced was because of my working pattern l had to cancel some of our meeting appointments. As part of the set agenda l had to reintroduce myself and the plan and goals that we had set out in the initial stages and this always proved to bridge the gap. It was also difficult for continuity in the team that l work in as one did not carry a personal caseload so delivering interventions was not always easy and there was not always continuity as some of my colleagues were not familiar with some applications of PSI. This highlighted as a service that there was a need for us as nurses in the team to have PSI training in order to continue with the work if the main practitioner was away and also as a team we hardly ever sed assessment tools and were therefore not confident and competent in their use. l also had difficulties in completing assessment in time due to constricted time frames. l could not always spend as much time with Emily because l had other clients to see in a space of time. In future l will have to negotiate my time and improve on my time management. In this assignme nt l had to carry out a critical evaluation of the engagement and psychosocial assessment of a client living with psychosis and carry out a critical self reflection on the assessment process and how this could be improved on. From my case study l deduced that use of some applications of PSI remains highly experimental and requires considerable research and more theoretical models. Furthermore discussion is also lacking on the details as to ways in which symptoms improved or social functioning enhanced in behavioural terms in relation to social context. However the interventions used in this case study highlighted considerable strength in supporting claims that PSI can work and does help reduce symptoms of psychosis. REFERENCES Birchwood M and Tarrier N (eds) (1996) Psychological Management of Pschizophrenia. Wiley Publishers Bradshaw T (1995) Psychological interventions with psychotic symptoms; a review. Mental Health Nursing. 15(4) Birchwood, M, Smith, J, Cochrane, R, Wetton, S, Capestake, S (1990) The social functioning scale: development and validation of a scale of social adjustment for use in family interventions programmes with schizophrenia patients, British Journal of Psychiatry,157, 853-859 Chadwick, P, Birchwood, M, Trower ,P (1996) Cognitive Therapy for Delusions, voices and paranoia, Wiley & Sons. Gamble,C, Brennan,G (2000) Working with serious mental illness:a manual for clinical practice. Grant, C, Mills, J, Mulhern, R, Short, N (2004) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Mental Health Care, Sage pub. Greenberger,D, Padesky,C A(1995) Mind over mood: A Cognitive Therapy Treatment Manual for clients. Guilford Press. Krawieka, M, Goldberg,D, Vughn,M (1977) A Standardised Psychiatric Assessment scale for rating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1977;55: 299-308. Kingdom , D and Turkington,D (1994) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy of Schizophrenia. Hove Lawrence Erlbaum. Kingdom, D and Turkington (2002) The Case Study Guide to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy of Psychosis. Wiley. Mhyr, G(2004) Reasoning with Psychosis patients; Why should a general psychiatrist care about Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Schizophrenia. Morrison,AP, Renton, JC, Dunn, H, Williams, S, Bentall, RP (2004) Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis, Brunner- Routledge. Nathan, P, Smith, L, Juniper, U, Kingsep, P, Lim, L (2003) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychotic Symptoms, A Therapist Manual, Centre for Clinical Interventions. Nelson H (1997) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy with Schizophrenia. A Practice Manual. Stanley Thornes. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003) Schizophrenia: core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care, NICE publications. Nursing & Midwifery Council, Code of Professional Conduct (2002). Romme M and Escher A Eds (1993) Accepting Voices. MIND Publications Sanford T and Gournay K (1996) Perspectives in Mental Health Nursing. Bailliere Tindall. Tarrier, N, Yusupoff, L, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Gledhill A, Haddock G and Morris J (1998) Randomised controlled trial of intensive cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia. British Medical Journal 317,303-307. Zubin, J, & Spring, B (1997) Vulnerability: A new view on schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, Topic: Students will carry out a critical evaluation of the engagement and psychosocial assessment of a client living with psychosis in the health and social care practitioner`s work setting. Word Count: 2826

To Honor the Fallen

To Honor the Fallen Free Online Research Papers It is with a great sense of honor and pride, which I am going to give the following speech for all of those who have fallen at war. However, to my great dismay, I feel as if the world has been compiled on top of me. It is by my word that the brave men who have fallen will either leave this world with a legacy or nothing. The most challenging task which I must conquer here today is to tell you, the people of this great country, the truth in a manner which will not be considered far-fetched or perhaps false. Those who have witnessed the war first hand, or have lost a loved one to the terrible nature of it, may find my statements to be accurate and just, whereas those who have no correlation to it might find my statements to be exaggerated. A man can only bear to hear others being praised for so long, at a certain point they begin to question their ability to equal the greatness of those being praised. I believe I should begin with our ancestors, not only is it proper, but it is fitting. Without the sacrifices which they gave in years passed, our great nation would not be here to this day. Because of our ancestors, this country has developed from generation to generation and the result has been a land without prejudice, a land without oppression, but instead a land of democracy and of freedom. Because of their bravery, our country has a glorious past, and we the people can all have a great sense of pride to be a part of it. As for our own fathers, they deserve praise just as all of our ancestors, because they have done nothing but augment the nation which was given to them. As our generations continue to blossom and proceed into the next phase of their life, all we can try to do is live up to the legacy which was left behind by our forefathers, and continue to add to this great nation. As for all of our ancestors which helped to free this land of its tyrannical rule from the Briti sh Empire, every citizen is eternally in your debt. A key factor to the greatness of America is our diversity. Our country is composed of all different ethnicities and this is what makes us so unique. We receive great minds from countries all over the world daily and not only do they bring potential, but culture, and culture is a valuable asset to have. Brilliant minds such as Albert Einstein have immigrated to America for reasons of oppression and injustice. People seek our land for our great freedoms and this is something which every American should be proud of. Without our high rate of immigration, our country would not have received some of the great minds it has seen and we would not be nearly as advanced and unique as we are today. Furthermore, we are a people who know how to free our minds of business. We enjoy our leisure time and we have more than plenty of ways to spend it. Ranging from professional sporting events to movie theatres to concerts, we have plenty of ways to rid our minds of cares for ample amounts of time. Our cities are some of the most magnificent the world has ever seen. Cities such as Chicago and New York, which host countless numbers of plays, operas, and exhibits, give us an insight into other cultures to the point where we feel as if they are our own. The possibilities and luxuries in our land are endless. With hard work and dedication, a person can become whatever it is they desire, whether it be an oil executive or a math teacher. Our government does not control its people and force them into jobs which they see fit, everyone is given their own chance and that chance is our ticket to the American dream. This is the reason why America is such an amazing place, the world is truly yours. Our constitution is of its own breed. We do not copy the laws of other countries, but instead we take them into account. We constructed our own ideals and with them intertwined ideas from other countries, thus producing a constitution of fair means. We are a democracy which favors the whole of our people, not the rich, not the poor, but the entire spectrum of classes. Class is not an issue in resolving a question of merit, and poverty is certainly not an obstacle which stops a citizen from achieving his goals. Any man and every man in our land have the chance to become great, and that is what makes this country worth fighting for. The freedoms which our government ensures excel beyond our political life, and into our everyday life. We are a people who are accepting, and we do not feel the urge to offend our neighbor by commenting on their private relations. â€Å"To each his own† is an ideal by which we as a majority thrive, and it has been successful in keeping our country at equilibrium. Our military policies are completely different from that of our enemies. Our shores are open to the rest of the world, and we do not exclude any foreigners due to race, creed, or nationality. Although tragedies occur such as the attacks on the world trade centers, we are a people who unite in hardship. We are a people who falter but do not fall. But most of all, we are a people who rise to adversity. On September 11th, 2001 terrorists attacked civilians in our country in the most cowardly of ways. As a nation we united and rose above the atrocities which occurred. We reacted in a collected manner with dignity and honor; we did not act like savages and take out our anguish on their citizens. Due to our nation’s success, certain countries have become envious and decided to consider us their enemy. We do not raise our young to believe that the greatest glory one can achieve is to take lives, including their own. We are polar opposites of the people who feel the entire world population, excluding them, is infidels. Culture, understanding, and refinement are the three keys which we teach to our children. Understanding of other people’s cultures and ideals are as important to us as education. This is the difference between us and the savage. The men fighting in the Middle East are preserving everything about our way of life. They are protecting our freedoms and our liberties from the dangers of the outside world. The people who choose to threaten our harmonious way of life do not have the blessings which we have to lose and this is what truly fuels their fire. Without their strong character and bravery, our nation would be without security, and most likely, our nation would not be. The soldiers who died defending our nation decided not to run and hide in the midst of battle, unlike the cowards which they must face. Our honorable soldiers instead chose to die fighting, with honor, than to survive as a coward. I have given praise for the soldiers who have fallen to the best of my ability. What is left now is for you, the survivors, to live up to the standards of our fallen. We all must understand and appreciate the power of our nation, and realize, none of this could be possible without the courage, honor, and immense dedication which was given by those who have died preserving it. We must save in our hearts a section solely for those whose glories will never wither away. For those who have lost a father, a son, or maybe even a friend, weep no longer, for they have gained an honor which will never grow old, and they will forever be immortalized on this earth. Research Papers on To Honor the FallenThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Top 9 Tips on Using Jake Brake

Top 9 Tips on Using Jake Brake Dave, long-time professional driver, writing for Smart-Trucking.com has some advice for drivers uncertain of when and whether to use their Jake brake. The Jake brake, named for the Jacobs engine company that popularized it, is an engine mechanism that opens exhaust valves and released compressed air in the cylinders to slow vehicles without use of the service brakes. Due to its loud roar, some highways bear signs saying â€Å"No Jake!† but when used judiciously, it can be tremendously helpful (though the debate is ongoing about which conditions merit its use). 1. Do not use the Jake in icy or slippery road conditions! Avoid using it when the truck is not going at a controlled speed, also.2. If you must use it, make sure your trailer is straight and lined up behind the cab to prevent jackknifing.3. Using the Jake properly on mountainous or hilly roads can save wear and tear on the brake pads and tires. Dave recommends using a gear low enough to let the jake to do 90% of the bra king when going down a steep grade.4. Check engine temperature and oil levels before using the Jake- it should be running at operating temperature and no colder, and the oil levels should not be low. Test your brake at the beginning of your trip.5. Operate the Jake in the shifting range, about 1100-1400 rpms, to protect the motor. Don’t use it when shifting; it may stall your truck.6. â€Å"On a 3 position Jake, position 3 is strongest and used most often. Positions 1 2 are used in less than favorable road conditions.†7. You can leave the Jake on at all times or turned on when necessary; if left on, it functions in a â€Å"no fuel position†- take your foot off the fuel to use it.8. The noise of the Jake should be an incentive to only use it when safety is of utmost importance.9. Follow the guidance of your CDL training instructor at all times, and keep these recommendations in mind!Best Practices for Using the Jake Brake

Shakespeare's Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shakespeare's Othello - Essay Example So when, convinced by Iago that Desdemona has indeed deceived him with Cassio, and after accusing Desdemona and hearing her reply of innocence, Othello is able without any doubt to attack with the sarcastic retort, "I cry you mercy then/ I took you for that cunning whore of Venice/That married with Othello" (4.2. 89-91). A long and established friend might be able to place doubt upon a new marriage, particularly in a culture where free exchange between the sexes is not allowed, and a new wife will necessarily be almost a stranger. But why such a sudden and violent response The answer there lies in several places: the culture of the time, Othello's character and Desdemona's character. When Othello begins, Iago reveals to Rodrigo his hatred of Othello. Othello had seen fit to elevate Cassio above Iago in the ranks of the military they both served. It was a position Iago thought should have been his. As Iago tells Rodrigo, Othello's own "eyes had seen the proof/At Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds" (1.1 26-27) of Iago's worthiness, and yet not elevated him to the position he deserves. Iago views Othello's decision both as a betrayal and a trap: he sees himself forever the Moor's servant, and impotent. He stays with Othello only to exact his revenge: "I follow him to serve my turn upon him" (1.1. 40). Iago's revenge is to destroy Othello, as Othello has destroyed him, not just to kill him; and perhaps to cuckold Othello, as he feels cuckolded by Othello, though via power, not sex. But where is Othello vulnerable In his position as a military leader No, Othello is the Hero-Warrior: his reputation is known far and wide; all who served with or under him hold his military prowess in the highest regard; a stranger to Venetian society due to his background, Othello has risen to a renowned, entrusted rank. Othello is the good soldier, through and through; and Desdemona-a woman of high status in Venetian society, beautiful and wealthy--is the mirror in which he sees himself. Othello, as the good soldier, followed orders and expected others to follow his. Othello came to Venetian society as a slave, kidnapped, and ended by converting, and rising within the new society, almost literally, by tooth and nail. Desdemona, on the other hand, had the opposite response to her treatment as property at least in respect to her marriage: she simply behaved as would a free woman; she loved whom she chose, and married when she chose. In this way, Desdemona rejected her casting in life as property. She had in fact shown no interest in marriage before: "So opposite to marriage that she shunned/The wealthy curled darlings of our nation" (1.2. 66-67). Does it not hint to Othello of a dangerous sense of freedom Desdemona has not acted according to convention; Desdemona has done what she will: what else is Desdemona capable of that defies convention Othello says of Iago: "This fellow's of exceeding honesty/And knows all qualities with a learned spirit/Of human dealings" (3.3, 258-259). Suddenly, Othello begins to suspect depths, complexities, dishonesties, nuances, that

Market Strategy and Anti-Trust Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market Strategy and Anti-Trust Regulation - Essay Example To be specific, the company targeted a large market through the Product Line Expansion Strategy. In explanation, the De Beers Company had an effective distribution channel and it influenced other companies to make sales through the distribution channel. This ensured that the company gained control of the product supply globally due to the consumer surplus, regardless of whether it produced the diamond. The company had an excess supply of diamond, therefore, controlling the prices of the commodity. After 1990, there were new sources of diamond in other countries that sold the product directly to the market without involving De Beers. This created a producer surplus situation and the company employed its resources to purchase diamond from the emerged sources, as a strategy to maintain its market share (Thompson, Arthur, & Strickland, p. 23). The American courts had no jurisdiction to handle De Beers’ case for defying the country’s anti-trust regulations (Guide to Antitrust Laws). The company was not accountable for the diamond in the United States as the transfer of the title to the products occurred outside the country’s boundaries. However, the De Beers Company decided to pay the penalties even through it was under no legal obligation to make the payment. The justification is that it paid the fines in order to have the ability to enter the United States market to increase its